Among the worms there are a large amount (more than 260 species) of parasitic forms, which belong to the subtypes of flat and round worms.The parasitic worms have long been known by the scientific term helminths, in this regard, the branch of parasitology, studying them, was called helminthology.With the term "helminths", the word "worms", descending from the Latin root, coincides in meaning, which means "slippery".
Representatives of pathogens of parasitic diseases belong to the kingdom of animals.They parasitize on other living creatures (plants, mushrooms, animals), and therefore science has arisen parasitology engaged in the study of all parasitic organisms.This is a general parasitology, and helminthology has already been distinguished from it, that is, a science that studies diseases caused by parasitic worms.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be needed, that is, the creature whose body is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and at the same time serves as a source of its nutrition.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediate ones (in them the helminth passes the larval stages) and the final (in them and only in them, Helmint becomes sexually mature, invasive).
Not a single organ and not a single person’s tissue is safe from the possibility of invasion by one or another helminth, but this is when the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminest properties, namely:
- For example, in such an ancient helminth, as an ascaride, it is necessary to take into account the action of its anti -enzymes - antipepsin and antipsine that violate the digestive process.The volatile substances contained in the inner fluid ascaride causes various toxic-allergic reactions: urticaria, bronchospasm and convulsions, lacrimation and headache;
- Stage of development (eggs, larva, change of owners);
- sexual reproduction, in which the exchange of genetic information occurs, and this is the highest stage of development, leading to an increase in the heterogeneous population, that is, they become less vulnerable and reached, it is more difficult to “reach” to them;
- a large duration of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of the parasite lives, and this means the chronic course of helminthias);
- the ability to suppress or modify the host’s immune response, that is, sooner or later, a state of functional immunodeficiency arises, and this is extremely undesirable, because almost ideal conditions for the penetration of any wealthy pathogenic agents are created, as well as the conditions for the “terminating” of endogenous foci of infection, if any previously there were (which, unfortunately, often happens) and often) and often) and often) and often) and often) and often) and often)"Draza" restrained by the high -level immune system;
- The presence of one or another helminth of the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that there are practically no methods of immunoprophylaxis;
- the widest distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The ability of eggs to persist in the external environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow one or another type to survive in seemingly "inhuman conditions."
The incidence of helminthiasis in the world is extremely high: out of almost 6 billion people living on the planet now, 4 billion are struck by one or another type of helminthosis, and given the fact that many of them are “carriers” of several parasites at once, the picture will become even more impressive.
The reaction of the body
A person with his powerful set of compensatory-adaptive reactions, the immune system, various non-specific protective barriers and subject to the helminth, cannot but react to its presence, although the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis is sometimes noted.But this is extremely rare, and most often the following can be identified:
- Various toxic-allergic reactions, often skin.Moreover, if the cause of such reactions remains unlucky, and clinical manifestations take place, then, first of all, a thorough examination for the presence of helminthic invasion is necessary;
- neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a helminthic invasion, in which toxic substances are constantly entered in the blood, maintaining a certain level of toxin, leading to irritability, emotional lability, “unmotivated” outbreaks of anger, loss of concentration, perseverance, rapid fatigue, and sleep disorder.The growing general weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that he had "no strength to shake the hand of a friend at a meeting";
- dyspeptic syndrome: diverse, from ephemeral to manifest symptoms, including discomfort or abdominal pain, often rare localization and intensity, rumbling, and bloating, and a sense of bursting in the abdomen;and a change in appetite as in the direction of raising (one of the reasons for the doctor’s unreason is “good appetite, it means I am healthy”), and a significant decrease in appetite, up to anorexia;This is a stool disorder from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of multifactorial deep dysbiosis;
- Many helminths feed on the blood of the owner, being hemophages, absorb vitamin B12 and disrupt the process of absorption of an anti -enemic substance in the small intestine, damage the intestinal mucosa often and shallow, but on a large area.All this leads to chronic blood loss, and in some cases to the development of anemia (anemia).Here it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins on the hematopoietic organs, which is also important in the development of anemia.With helminthiases, an increased content of eosinophils is often detected (leukocyte cells actively involved in allergic reactions);
- The presence of helminthic invasion, subject to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to growth retardation and physical underdevelopment, possibly even with increased appetite;
- In children, during planned vaccinations, various post-vaccination toxico-allergic reactions are often observed;
- Helminthoses often provoke an exacerbation of chronic diseases, while the location of helminth and the location of the interested body can be completely different in localization in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very often, and perhaps the principle is triggered here that “it is not profitable for any parasite to destroy its victim to the end, otherwise it will not be parasitized, having lost and shelter and food overnight,” but, nevertheless, the conditions incompatible with the life of the owner arise.For example, with echinococcosis of the liver, Finnosis of the brain.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of helminths fluctuates widely depending on the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous, and cattle lives safely for many years with organs sprouted with einococcal bubbles reaching a mass of several kilograms.
Characterization of parasitic worms
Helminths in the human body do not multiply, with the exception of species such as cutter, dwarf tapeen.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.Direct infection of people affected by helminths does not occur, except for those that are cantigyes (gimonocepidosis, entorobiosis).
Infection by other helminthiases occurs either through the soil (dirty hands - intestines - ascaridosis), or when the skin is contacted with the soil (strungyloidosis) or water (schistosomosis), or when eating (shadowarnichosis, diphyllobotriosis).
In the body, helminths live in various organs and tissues: in the intestines - ascarides, pinworms, tapeworms, tape;in the liver - echinococci, opistorchi;in the muscles - trichinella;In the lungs - paragonimus, in the blood - philles, schistosomes.
Foil of Olistorchus Filineus
Infection of humans or animals occurs when eating raw or dried fish: Ya, roach, bream.A bicondelog parasitizes in the liver and intestines of a person, dog, cats.Changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, the formation of bile stones, cirrhosis.For the purpose of prevention, it is not recommended to eat raw or chilled fish.
Pulmonary bicarry paragoninus westermani
These biconds live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed on the smallest bronchi.The owners are a man, a cat, a dog, a pig.
Infection occurs when eating affected raw crabs or crayfish.A bicondelog penetrates into the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm - into the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning, with the discharge of sputum rusty color, possibly with an admixture of blood.When metastasis of eggs or parasites themselves, the liver, spleen, brain are affected.With damage to the brain of the clinic depends on the location of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, seizures).
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw crabs and crayfish.
Another class includes flat worms - these are tape worms, which in turn are divided into tape and chain units.
The tape worms in the overlapping state are inhabitants of the intestinal vertebrates.
Along with similar features inherent in the strip worms, there are also significant differences between tape and tapeworms.This is especially important in the diagnostic plan, when it is necessary to identify parasites.
In the ribbons, Helmint - a wide ribbon (Difillobotrium Latum) is released, which causes a disease called diphyllobotriosis.The tape is wide - a giant helminth, reaching a length of 15 m. It is a slaughter parasite, lives in the small intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
A person is infected when eating insufficiently fried or poorly salted fish (river - ruff, perch, burbot; lake - trout, grayling) with living larvae.Infection often occurs through fresh, so -called lively pike caviar.Some lovers squeeze caviar from the abdomen directly into the mouth, and with it the larvae can act, causing infection.
In the clinical picture of diphyllobotria, dyspeptic disorders prevail: discomfort and pain in the abdominal of unstable localization, rumbling, nausea, sometimes vomiting, a change in appetite, unstable stools.Often develops, especially with a long course of the disease, anemia (anemia).With dipillobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is vitamin B12 deficiency.
Helmint takes away vitamin B12 and other nutrients, eagerly sucking them with the entire surface of his body, which, like the key to the lock, approaches the joint border of the intestine and, thus, increases the suction surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms appear, including macrocytes and megaloblasts.This shows that with a latent course of invasion, changes still occur, which in the future can lead to the appearance of malignant anemia with wax pallor of the face, skin, sharp weakness, tachycardia.
In diagnosis of diphyllobotriasis, the clinical picture of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis, therefore, the method of coprovoscopy is of great importance here, which allows you to detect the eggs of a wide ribbon in the feces, which are released into the external environment 3 weeks after infection.
Eggs come out with the feces of the dog and stick to her wool.They can be listed in a person’s mouth and swallowed if you stroke the infected dog, and then take food with unwashed hands.The same can happen with a dog's kisses.In the northern countries where dogs are the closest domestic animal for humans, echinococcosis in people is quite common.
The clinic of echinococcosis is characterized by aching pains in the right hypochondrium, where a tumor formation is determined with a smooth round surface and, when breathing, displacing with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there can be a suppuration of cyst or cysts, a breakthrough into the bile paths, accompanied by sharp pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, multiple abscesses can form, which leads to deaths.
With echinococcosis of the lung, single cysts prevail, located more often in the lower share of the right lung.In the initial stage, the disease is often diagnosed by accident with an X -ray examination of the chest.Over time, coughing, hemoptysis, chest pain appear.It is noted that the growth of echinococcus cysts in the lungs is often not inferior to the growth rate of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis of echinococcosis, the methods of choice are: radiological, ultrasonic studies, tomography, scanning, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene when keeping dogs and caring for them;Be sure to wash your hands after contact with the dog;avoid dogs to the food of a person and to his dishes;limit direct contact of children and dogs.Wandering dogs are everywhere subject to catch.
Sanitary education of the population is essential.
Dwarf chain - hymenolepis nana
The disease that it causes is called hymenolipidosis.The dwarf tapeen is negligible in size against a wide ribbon and reaches a length of only 1-4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of dwarf tapeworm occurs in one owner, in which the larval stage passes from the beginning, and then becomes sexually mature.Thus, a person in this case is both an intermediate and final master.
The main habitat of the tapeworm is the ileum, and usually parasitizes many individuals (there are cases of finding about one and a half thousand copies in the patient).
In the clinical picture, abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable stools, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, convulsions, epileptic seizures) prevail.
The diagnosis is confirmed when the eggs of the dwarf tapeworm in the feces are confirmed, and the release of eggs is often discontinuous, therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to conduct a study 2-3 times a month.
Prevention: dwarf tinge parasitizes mainly in children, therefore, in the childhood institution where patients have been detected, it is necessary to examine all children and staff for the presence of this helminthic invasion.This also applies to family members.
Widespread non -dimeosis is such a helminthic invasion as ascariasis
The causative agent is a human roundworm.The ancient Russian name of the ascarids is string.The figurative folk language with this name, descending from the word "string", accurately characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the body of helminth.Human infection occurs when mature, invasive eggs with soil particles, when eating poorly washed vegetables and berries, infected fruits, sometimes when drinking water from open reservoirs.
Askarides relate to "restless" helminths, their activity and mobility is a common cause of atypical localization.They are able to be introduced into appendix, causing the development of acute appendicitis;into the ducts of the liver and pancreas with the development of fever, liver colic, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases - to the rupture of the liver;Trachey can reach the upper respiratory tract, provoking asphyxia of nasal passages and even Eustachian pipes.The intestinal obstruction caused by a tube of the ascaride, or due to the reflex spasm of the intestine, is not excluded, even in the presence of single parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in feces, but it must be borne in mind that ascaroid eggs are absent in bowel movements in the presence of immature or old females in the intestines, as well as when parasitizing some males, which is observed in 3.5 % of cases.Prevention: Vegetables and fruits before eating should be thoroughly washed and scald with boiling water, it is not recommended to drink non -watering water.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by the cutter of vermicularis.
In addition to severe skin itching in the perianal region, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of pinworms and larvae into the urogenital paths, vagina in women.Functional changes in the intestine are characteristic: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, decreased appetite, as well as disorders of the nervous system with headache, poor sleep, irritability, decrease in performance.
In the diagnosis of enterobiosis, the fact that patients often themselves note the release of pinworms is important.The pin in the intestines does not lay eggs, so they are extremely rare in the bowel movements.The main diagnostic method is the perianal scraping in various modifications, the “sticky tape” method.
In order to prevent enterobiosis, it is necessary to wean children to nibble, suck and lick their fingers.The nails should be cut briefly and follow their purity.It is necessary to often put the room with wet cleaning and ventilation.Chairs, floor toilets and night pots are poured with boiling water.
The main methods of treatment
- Pumpkin seeds
- Male fern extract, pumpkin seeds, dichlorofen
- Walnut
- St. John's wort is perforated
- Devyasil is tall
- 1 tsp.Dry rhizomes with crusts insist for 8 hours in 1 glass of cooled boiled water, strain.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of rhizomes with roots in 1 glass of water, insist for 4 hours, strain.Take 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Carrot
- Grate several root crops on a grater or pass through a meat grinder;Squeeze the juice.Fresh juice before use mix with honey or sugar to taste.Take 1 tbsp.l.2 times a day in the morning-on an empty stomach and in the evening 1-1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 tbsp.l.Boil the grated carrots in 1 glass of milk.Take carrot slurry for 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day before meals.
- Sagebrush
- Tansy
- Mary is anti -clad
- Birch is warty
- 1 tsp.Birch buds insist 1 hour in 1/2 cup boiling water, strain.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the whole portion per day in 3 doses.
- Boil 5 g of birch buds for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insist for 1 hour, strain.Take 15--20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- Daisy
- Dandelion medicinal
- 1 tsp.The roots and herbs of dandelion is infused for 1 hour in 1 glass of boiling water, strain.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Powder of dandelion roots (take a dose placed on the tip of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Mistletoe
- 1 tsp.Insist the omela in 1 glass of cold boiled water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Boil 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Walnut hazel
- The garlic is sown
- Siberian larch
- Male fern
- Timyan ordinary (garden thyme)
- Pumpkin
- Pomegranate
The mechanism of action: changes the motor activity of the parasite, causing first relaxation, and then muscle contracture.At the same time, due to the retreat waves, the helminth is expelled out.
Method of application and dose
Inside.They are used mainly in the presence of contraindications to the use of male fern extract.2 days before treatment, a cleansing enema is prescribed daily in the morning and a salt laxative on the eve of the evening.On the day of treatment, on an empty stomach, they put an enema regardless of the presence of a chair.
Method of application and dose
Inside, children-0.25-0.5 g, adults-1.0--1.5 g;once a day.Conduct 5-7 daily treatment courses with an interval of 7 days.A month later, an anti -seven -day course of treatment is prescribed.
Method of application
3 tsp.Dry leaves insist in 2 cups of boiling water for 20-30 minutes.Drink warm in several tricks like tea.
Method of application
10 g of dry St. John's wort grass brew in 1 glass of boiling water, insist.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Method of application
Method of application
In medical practice, dried wormwood inflorescences are used.They are rubbed in a mortar and taken in a mixture with sugar, jam, honey, 5 g of "Citvar seed" (for adults) 3 times a day 1.5-2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last reception at night, a laxative is prescribed.
Side phenomena for an overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, oppression of breathing and cardiac activity.
Basically, due to toxicity, it is used in adults, and not in children. The centers and essential oil have an anthelmintic effect against nematodes, especially effective for ascaridosis and enrobiosis.For this purpose, dried flowers can be taken in the form of a powder, in the form of an infusion (1:10), as well as in enemas from the Extract of Top. And 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Method of application
1 tsp.The dry top of Marie anti -Glass, along with the fruits, insist 2 cups of boiling water, strain.Take 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
The decoction of the kidneys has an anthelmintic effect in round worms.
Method of application
A decoction is used to expel small worms.
Method of application
2 tsp.Insist herbs with flower baskets of Niva for 4 hours in 1 glass of boiling water, strain.Take 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day.To use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have an anthelmintic effect.
Method of application
Omel has an anthelmintic (on round worms) action.
Method of application
Walnut oil is taken inside as an anthelmutal agent for ascaride.
Warm garlic decoction is used for anthelmintic enemas.With pinworms, a slice of garlic onion is introduced into the anus, which kills parasites.
A turpentine is obtained from larch.In folk medicine, turpentine is used inside as a remedy for tape worms.
Rhizomes have a very effective effect against ribbon worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on tape worms, paralyzing their muscles.
Purified seeds with a gray-green skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed against tape worms (tapeworm).
Method of application
Pumpkin seeds take on an empty stomach;Dose for adults - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults are prescribed a decoction of 500 g of unpeeled seeds, children 10 years old-of 300.0 g, 5-7 years old-out of 200.0 g, up to 5 years-from 100--150.0.0 g.
The consistent purpose of pumpkin seeds in a conventional dose and fern extract in small doses (adults 2.5-3.0 g, children according to age) increases the effectiveness of treatment.Fern extract is prescribed an hour after taking pumpkin seeds, and after taking the fern extract, laxative is given.
The bark of the roots and branches of the grenade has a strong paralyzing effect on tape worms.
Method of application
1 tsp.Boil leathery perishability (peel) of fruits or pomegranate flowers in 1 glass of water, insist for 2 hours, strain.Take 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.